EPIS Thinktank

Author: Sungjae Han

  • Article 42(7) TEU and the EU’s Defence Future

    Article 42(7) TEU and the EU’s Defence Future

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    by

    Indrikis Osenieks
    in

    Thematic Working Group Briefs – 2026 Article 42(7) TEU and the EU’s Defence Future More than fifteen years after the Lisbon reforms entered into force, Article 42(7) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU), frequently termed the mutual defence clause, has remained as one of the least addressed policy instruments within the Union’s security framework.…

  • The Left’s Failed North Korea Fantasy

    The Left’s Failed North Korea Fantasy

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    by

    Sungjae Han
    in

    Can economic engagement change a hostile authoritarian regime? This article is arguing that South Korea’s left-wing policies toward North Korea failed to reduce tensions but instead enabled Pyongyang’s military expansion. By prioritizing symbolic reconciliation over deterrence, progressive administrations underestimated North Korea’s intentions, eventually strengthening a nuclear adversary than promoting peace.