Author: Iohanne Holt

How has the paralysis of the WTO’s Appellate Body since 2019 affected members unequally? While larger economies have adapted through the MPIA and bilateral settlements, smaller members lack the legal capacity and leverage to navigate the post-AB order. With the US absent from the MPIA and reform efforts stalled, the crisis has shifted the trading…

What does the EU’s first-ever use of Article 112 against Norway reveal about the limits of the EEA model? The tariffs reflect a broader shift towards a more interventionist EU trade policy, exposing how EEA market access can become conditional in times of economic pressure. As the EU increasingly uses safeguard measures to protect strategic…